Toxic in vitro effects of flavoured-air inhalers containing essential oils in differentiated human nasal epithelial cells at air–liquid interface
Keywords:
Airway epithelial cells; Air–liquid interface; Essential oils; Flavoured-air; Respiratory toxicity
Abstract:
Flavoured-air inhalers containing essential oils are marketed as safe, natural alternatives to smoking and vaping, yet their potential respiratory toxicity remains effectively unexamined. Manufacturers claim safety based on "100% natural" ingredients, despite evidence that essential oil inhalation can cause adverse respiratory effects.